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The X Window System (X11, or simply X) is a windowing system for bitmap displays, common on Unix-likeoperating systems.

X provides the basic framework for a GUI environment: drawing and moving windows on the display device and interacting with a mouse and keyboard. X does not mandate the user interface – this is handled by individual programs. As such, the visual styling of X-based environments varies greatly; different programs may present radically different interfaces.

X originated at the Project Athena at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1984.^{[1][better source needed]} The X protocol has been at version 11 (hence 'X11') since September 1987. https://tunesgol.netlify.app/suburbia-rules-pdf.html. The X.Org Foundation leads the X project, with the current reference implementation, X.Org Server, available as free and open source software under the MIT License and similar permissive licenses.^[2]

• 5Implementations
• 6Limitations and criticism
• 8History
• 9Nomenclature

Purpose and abilities[edit]

X is an architecture-independent system for remote graphical user interfaces and input device capabilities. Each person using a networked terminal has the ability to interact with the display with any type of user input device.

In its standard distribution it is a complete, albeit simple, display and interface solution which delivers a standard toolkit and protocol stack for building graphical user interfaces on most Unix-like operating systems and OpenVMS, and has been ported to many other contemporary general purpose operating systems.

X provides the basic framework, or primitives, for building such GUI environments: drawing and moving windows on the display and interacting with a mouse, keyboard or touchscreen. X does not mandate the user interface; individual client programs handle this. Programs may use X's graphical abilities with no user interface. As such, the visual styling of X-based environments varies greatly; different programs may present radically different interfaces.

Unlike most earlier display protocols, X was specifically designed to be used over network connections rather than on an integral or attached display device. X features network transparency, which means an X program running on a computer somewhere on a network (such as the Internet) can display its user interface on an X server running on some other computer on the network. The X server is typically the provider of graphics resources and keyboard/mouse events to X clients, meaning that the X server is usually running on the computer in front of a human user, while the X client applications run anywhere on the network and communicate with the user's computer to request the rendering of graphics content and receive events from input devices including keyboards and mice.

The fact that the term 'server' is applied to the software in front of the user is often surprising to users accustomed to their programs being clients to services on remote computers. Here, rather than a remote database being the resource for a local app, the user's graphic display and input devices become resources made available by the local X server to both local and remotely hosted X client programs who need to share the user's graphics and input devices to communicate with the user.

X's network protocol is based on X command primitives. This approach allows both 2D and (through extensions like GLX) 3D operations by an X client application which might be running on a different computer to still be fully accelerated on the X server's display. For example, in classic OpenGL (before version 3.0), display lists containing large numbers of objects could be constructed and stored entirely in the X server by a remote X client program, and each then rendered by sending a single glCallList(which) across the network.

X provides no native support for audio; several projects exist to fill this niche, some also providing transparent network support.

Software architecture[edit]

X uses a client–server model: an X server communicates with various client programs. The server accepts requests for graphical output (windows) and sends back user input (from keyboard, mouse, or touchscreen). The server may function as:

• an application displaying to a window of another display system
• a system program controlling the video output of a PC
• a dedicated piece of hardware

This client–server terminology – the user's terminal being the server and the applications being the clients – often confuses new X users, because the terms appear reversed. But X takes the perspective of the application, rather than that of the end-user: X provides display and I/O services to applications, so it is a server; applications use these services, thus they are clients.

The communication protocol between server and client operates network-transparently: the client and server may run on the same machine or on different ones, possibly with different architectures and operating systems. A client and server can even communicate securely over the Internet by tunneling the connection over an encrypted network session.

An X client itself may emulate an X server by providing display services to other clients. This is known as 'X nesting'. Open-source clients such as Xnest and Xephyr support such X nesting.

To use an X client application on a remote machine, the user may do the following:

• on the local machine, open a terminal window
• use ssh with the X forwarding argument to connect to the remote machine
• request local display/input service (e.g., export DISPLAY=[user's machine]:0 if not using SSH with X forwarding enabled)

The remote X client application will then make a connection to the user's local X server, providing display and input to the user.

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Alternatively, the local machine may run a small program that connects to the remote machine and starts the client application.

Practical examples of remote clients include:

• administering a remote machine graphically (similar to using remote desktop, but with single windows)
• using a client application to join with large numbers of other terminal users in collaborative workgroups
• running a computationally intensive simulation on a remote machine and displaying the results on a local desktop machine
• running graphical software on several machines at once, controlled by a single display, keyboard and mouse

Principles[edit]

In 1984, Bob Scheifler and Jim Gettys set out the early principles of X:^[3]

• Do not add new functionality unless an implementor cannot complete a real application without it.
• It is as important to decide what a system is not as to decide what it is. Do not serve all the world's needs; rather, make the system extensible so that additional needs can be met in an upwardly compatible fashion.
• The only thing worse than generalizing from one example is generalizing from no examples at all.
• If a problem is not completely understood, it is probably best to provide no solution at all.
• If you can get 90 percent of the desired effect for 10 percent of the work, use the simpler solution. (See also worse is better.)
• Isolate complexity as much as possible.
• Provide mechanism rather than policy. In particular, place user interface policy in the clients' hands.

The first principle was modified during the design of X11 to: 'Do not add new functionality unless you know of some real application that will require it.'^[3]

X has largely kept to these principles. The sample implementation is developed with a view to extension and improvement of the implementation, while remaining compatible with the original 1987 protocol.

User interfaces[edit]

X primarily defines protocol and graphics primitives – it deliberately contains no specification for application user-interface design, such as button, menu, or window title-bar styles. Instead, application software – such as window managers, GUI widget toolkits and desktop environments, or application-specific graphical user interfaces – define and provide such details. As a result, there is no typical X interface and several different desktop environments have become popular among users.

A window manager controls the placement and appearance of application windows. This may result in desktop interfaces reminiscent of those of Microsoft Windows or of the Apple Macintosh (examples include GNOME 2, KDE, Xfce) or have radically different controls (such as a tiling window manager, like wmii or Ratpoison). Some interfaces such as Sugar or Chrome OS eschew the desktop metaphor altogether, simplifying their interfaces for specialized applications. Window managers range in sophistication and complexity from the bare-bones (e.g., twm, the basic window manager supplied with X, or evilwm, an extremely light window-manager) to the more comprehensive desktop environments such as Enlightenment and even to application-specific window-managers for vertical markets such as point-of-sale.

Many users use X with a desktop environment, which, aside from the window manager, includes various applications using a consistent user-interface. Popular desktop environments include GNOME, KDE Software Compilation and Xfce. The UNIX 98 standard environment is the Common Desktop Environment (CDE). The freedesktop.org initiative addresses interoperability between desktops and the components needed for a competitive X desktop.

Implementations[edit]

The X.Org implementation is the canonical implementation of X. Owing to liberal licensing, a number of variations, both free and open source and proprietary, have appeared. Commercial Unix vendors have tended to take the reference implementation and adapt it for their hardware, usually customizing it and adding proprietary extensions.

Up until 2004, XFree86 provided the most common X variant on free Unix-like systems. XFree86 started as a port of X to 386-compatible PCs and, by the end of the 1990s, had become the greatest source of technical innovation in X and the de facto standard of X development.^[4] Since 2004, however, the X.Org Server, a fork of XFree86, has become predominant.

While it is common to associate X with Unix, X servers also exist natively within other graphical environments. VMS Software Inc.'s OpenVMS operating system includes a version of X with Common Desktop Environment (CDE), known as DECwindows, as its standard desktop environment.^{[citation needed]}Apple originally ported X to macOS in the form of X11.app, but that has been deprecated in favor of the XQuartz implementation. Third-party servers under Apple's older operating systems in the 1990s, System 7, and Mac OS 8 and 9, included Apple's MacX and White Pine Software's eXodus.

Microsoft Windows is not shipped with support for X, but many third-party implementations exist, as free and open source software such as Cygwin/X, and proprietary products such as Exceed, MKS X/Server, Reflection X, X-Win32 and Xming.

There are also Java implementations of X servers. WeirdX runs on any platform supporting Swing 1.1, and will run as an applet within most browsers. The Android X Server is an open source Java implementation that runs on Android devices.

When an operating system with a native windowing system hosts X in addition, the X system can either use its own normal desktop in a separate host window or it can run rootless, meaning the X desktop is hidden and the host windowing environment manages the geometry and appearance of the hosted X windows within the host screen.

X terminals[edit]

An X terminal is a thin client that only runs an X server. This architecture became popular for building inexpensive terminal parks for many users to simultaneously use the same large computer server to execute application programs as clients of each user's X terminal. This use is very much aligned with the original intention of the MIT project.

X terminals explore the network (the local broadcast domain) using the X Display Manager Control Protocol to generate a list of available hosts that are allowed as clients. One of the client hosts should run an X display manager.

A limitation of X terminals and most thin clients is that they are not capable of any input or output other than the keyboard, mouse, and display. All relevant data is assumed to exist solely on the remote server, and the X terminal user has no methods available to save or load data from a local peripheral device.

Dedicated (hardware) X terminals have fallen out of use; a PC or modern thin client with an X server typically provides the same functionality at the same, or lower, cost.

Linux X Windows Configuration 1

Limitations and criticism[edit]

The Unix-Haters Handbook (1994) devoted a full chapter to the problems of X.^[5]Why X Is Not Our Ideal Window System (1990) by Gajewska, Manasse and McCormack detailed problems in the protocol with recommendations for improvement.

User interface issues[edit]

The lack of design guidelines in X has resulted in several vastly different interfaces, and in applications that have not always worked well together. The Inter-Client Communication Conventions Manual (ICCCM), a specification for client interoperability, has a reputation for being difficult to implement correctly. Further standards efforts such as Motif and CDE did not alleviate problems. This has frustrated users and programmers.^[6] Graphics programmers now generally address consistency of application look and feel and communication by coding to a specific desktop environment or to a specific widget toolkit, which also avoids having to deal directly with the ICCCM.

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X also lacks native support for user-defined stored procedures on the X server, in the manner of NeWS – there is no Turing-complete scripting facility. Various desktop environments may thus offer their own (usually mutually incompatible) facilities.

Computer accessibility related issues[edit]

Systems built upon X may have accessibility issues that make utilization of a computer difficult for disabled users, including right click, double click, middle click, mouse-over, and focus stealing. Some X11 clients deal with accessibility issues better than others, so persons with accessibility problems are not locked out of using X11. However, there is no accessibility standard or accessibility guidelines for X11. Within the X11 standards process there is no working group on accessibility, however, accessibility needs are being addressed by software projects to provide these features on top of X.

The Orca project adds accessibility support to the X Window System, including implementing an API (AT-SPI^[7]). This is coupled with Gnome's ATK to allow for accessibility features to be implemented in X programs using the Gnome/GTK APIs.^[8] KDE provides a different set of accessibility software, including a text-to-speech converter and a screen magnifier.^[9] The other major desktops (LXDE, Xfce and Enlightenment) attempt to be compatible with ATK.

Network[edit]

An X client cannot generally be detached from one server and reattached to another unless its code specifically provides for it (emacs is one of the few common programs with this ability). As such, moving an entire session from one X server to another is generally not possible. However, approaches like Virtual Network Computing (VNC), NX and Xpra allow a virtual session to be reached from different X servers (in a manner similar to GNU Screen in relation to terminals), and other applications and toolkits provide related facilities.^[10]Workarounds like x11vnc (VNC :0 viewers), Xpra's shadow mode and NX's nxagent shadow mode also exist to make the current X-server screen available. This ability allows the user interface (mouse, keyboard, monitor) of a running application to be switched from one location to another without stopping and restarting the application.

Network traffic between an X server and remote X clients is not encrypted by default. An attacker with a packet sniffer can intercept it, making it possible to view anything displayed to or sent from the user's screen. The most common way to encrypt X traffic is to establish a Secure Shell (SSH) tunnel for communication.

Like all thin clients, when using X across a network, bandwidth limitations can impede the use of bitmap-intensive applications that require rapidly updating large portions of the screen with low latency, such as 3D animation or photo editing. Even a relatively small uncompressed 640x480x24 bit 30 fps video stream can easily outstrip the bandwidth of a 100 Mbit/s network for a single client. In contrast, modern versions of X generally have extensions such as MESA allowing local display of a local program's graphics to be optimized to bypass the network model and directly control the video card, for use of full-screen video, rendered 3D applications, and other such applications.

Client–server separation[edit]

X's design requires the clients and server to operate separately, and device independence and the separation of client and server incur overhead. Most of the overhead comes from network round-trip delay time between client and server (latency) rather than from the protocol itself: the best solutions to performance issues depend on efficient application design.^[11] A common criticism of X is that its network features result in excessive complexity and decreased performance if only used locally.

Modern X implementations use Unix domain sockets for efficient connections on the same host. Additionally shared memory (via the MIT-SHM extension) can be employed for faster client–server communication.^[12] However, the programmer must still explicitly activate and use the shared memory extension. It is also necessary to provide fallback paths in order to stay compatible with older implementations, and in order to communicate with non-local X servers.

Competitors[edit]

Some people have attempted writing alternatives to and replacements for X. Historical alternatives include Sun's NeWS and NeXT's Display PostScript, both PostScript-based systems supporting user-definable display-side procedures, which X lacked. Current alternatives include:

• macOS (and its mobile counterpart, iOS) implements its windows system, which is known as Quartz. When Apple Inc. bought NeXT, and used NeXTSTEP to construct Mac OS X, it replaced Display PostScript with Quartz. Mike Paquette, one of the authors of Quartz, explained that if Apple had added support for all the features it wanted to include into X11, it would not bear much resemblance to X11 nor be compatible with other servers anyway.^[13]
• Android, which runs on the Linux kernel, uses its own system for drawing the user interface known as SurfaceFlinger. 3D rendering is handled by EGL.
• Wayland is being developed by several X.Org developers as a prospective replacement for X. It works directly with the GPU hardware, via DRI. Wayland can run an X.org server as a client, which can be rootless.^[14] A proprietary port of the Wayland backend to the Raspberry Pi was completed in 2013.^[15] The project reached version 1.0 in 2012. Like Android, Wayland is EGL-based.
• Mir is a project from Canonical Ltd. with goals similar to Wayland.^[16] Mir is intended to work with mobile devices using ARM chipsets (a stated goal is compatibility with Android device-drivers) as well as x86 desktops. Like Android, Mir/UnityNext are EGL-based. Backwards compatibility with X client-applications is accomplished via Xmir.
• Other alternatives attempt to avoid the overhead of X by working directly with the hardware; such projects include DirectFB.^[17] (The Direct Rendering Infrastructure (DRI), which aims to provide a reliable kernel-level interface to the framebuffer, might^{[citation needed]} make these efforts redundant.)

Additional ways to achieve a functional form of the 'network transparency' feature of X, via network transmissibility of graphical services, include:

• Virtual Network Computing (VNC), a very low-level system which sends compressed bitmaps across the network; the Unix implementation includes an X server
• Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), which is similar to VNC in purpose, but originated on Microsoft Windows before being ported to Unix-like systems; cf NX, GotoMyPc, etc.
• Citrix XenApp, an X-like protocol and application stack for Microsoft Windows
• Tarantella, which provides a Java-based remote-gui-client for use in web browsers

History[edit]

Predecessors[edit]

Several bitmap display systems preceded X. From Xerox came the Alto (1973) and the Star (1981). From Apollo Computer came Display Manager (1981). From Apple came the Lisa (1983) and the Macintosh (1984). The Unix world had the Andrew Project (1982) and Rob Pike's Blit terminal (1982).

Carnegie Mellon University produced a remote-access application called Alto Terminal, that displayed overlapping windows on the Xerox Alto, and made remote hosts (typically DEC VAX systems running Unix) responsible for handling window-exposure events and refreshing window contents as necessary.

X derives its name as a successor to a pre-1983 window system called W (the letter preceding X in the English alphabet). W ran under the V operating system. W used a network protocol supporting terminal and graphics windows, the server maintaining display lists.

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Origin and early development[edit]

The email in which X was introduced to the Project Athena community at MIT in June 1984^[18]

The original idea of X emerged at MIT in 1984 as a collaboration between Jim Gettys (of Project Athena) and Bob Scheifler (of the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science). Scheifler needed a usable display environment for debugging the Argus system. Project Athena (a joint project between Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), MIT and IBM to provide easy access to computing resources for all students) needed a platform-independent graphics system to link together its heterogeneous multiple-vendor systems; the window system then under development in Carnegie Mellon University's Andrew Project did not make licenses available, and no alternatives existed.

The project solved this by creating a protocol that could both run local applications and call on remote resources. In mid-1983 an initial port of W to Unix ran at one-fifth of its speed under V; in May 1984, Scheifler replaced the synchronousprotocol of W with an asynchronous protocol and the display lists with immediate mode graphics to make X version 1. X became the first windowing system environment to offer true hardware independence and vendor independence.

Scheifler, Gettys and Ron Newman set to work and X progressed rapidly. They released Version 6 in January 1985. DEC, then preparing to release its first Ultrix workstation, judged X the only windowing system likely to become available in time. DEC engineers ported X6 to DEC's QVSS display on MicroVAX.

In the second quarter of 1985, X acquired color support to function in the DEC VAXstation-II/GPX, forming what became version 9.

A group at Brown University ported version 9 to the IBM RT PC, but problems with reading unaligned data on the RT forced an incompatible protocol change, leading to version 10 in late 1985. By 1986, outside organizations had begun asking for X. X10R2 was released in January 1986, then X10R3 in February 1986. Although MIT had licensed X6 to some outside groups for a fee, it decided at this time to license X10R3 and future versions under what became known as the MIT License, intending to popularize X further and, in return, hoping that many more applications would become available. X10R3 became the first version to achieve wide deployment, with both DEC and Hewlett-Packard releasing products based on it. Other groups ported X10 to Apollo and to Sun workstations and even to the IBM PC/AT. Demonstrations of the first commercial application for X (a mechanical computer-aided engineering system from Cognition Inc. that ran on VAXes and remotely displayed on PCs running an X server ported by Jim Fulton and Jan Hardenbergh) took place at the Autofact trade show at that time. The last version of X10, X10R4, appeared in December 1986.Attempts were made to enable X servers as real-time collaboration devices, much as Virtual Network Computing (VNC) would later allow a desktop to be shared. One such early effort was Philip J. Gust's SharedX tool.

Although X10 offered interesting and powerful functionality, it had become obvious that the X protocol could use a more hardware-neutral redesign before it became too widely deployed, but MIT alone would not have the resources available for such a complete redesign. As it happened, DEC's Western Software Laboratory found itself between projects with an experienced team. Smokey Wallace of DEC WSL and Jim Gettys proposed that DEC WSL build X11 and make it freely available under the same terms as X9 and X10. This process started in May 1986, with the protocol finalized in August. Alpha testing of the software started in February 1987, beta-testing in May; the release of X11 finally occurred on 15 September 1987.

The X11 protocol design, led by Scheifler, was extensively discussed on open mailing lists on the nascent Internet that were bridged to USENET newsgroups. Gettys moved to California to help lead the X11 development work at WSL from DEC's Systems Research Center, where Phil Karlton and Susan Angebrandt led the X11 sample server design and implementation. X therefore represents one of the first very large-scale distributed free and open source software projects.

The MIT X Consortium and the X Consortium, Inc.[edit]

By the late 1980s X was, Simson Garfinkel wrote in 1989, 'Athena's most important single achievement to date'. DEC reportedly believed that its development alone had made the company's donation to MIT worthwhile. Gettys joined the design team for the VAXstation 2000 to ensure that X—which DEC called DECwindows—would run on it, and the company assigned 1,200 employees to port X to both Ultrix and VMS.^[19][20] In 1987, with the success of X11 becoming apparent, MIT wished to relinquish the stewardship of X, but at a June 1987 meeting with nine vendors, the vendors told MIT that they believed in the need for a neutral party to keep X from fragmenting in the marketplace. In January 1988, the MIT X Consortium formed as a non-profit vendor group, with Scheifler as director, to direct the future development of X in a neutral atmosphere inclusive of commercial and educational interests.

Jim Fulton joined in January 1988 and Keith Packard in March 1988 as senior developers, with Jim focusing on Xlib, fonts, window managers, and utilities; and Keith re-implementing the server. Donna Converse, Chris D. Peterson, and Stephen Gildea joined later that year, focusing on toolkits and widget sets, working closely with Ralph Swick of MIT Project Athena. The MIT X Consortium produced several significant revisions to X11, the first (Release 2 – X11R2) in February 1988. Jay Hersh joined the staff in January 1991 to work on the PEX and X113D functionality. He was followed soon after by Ralph Mor (who also worked on PEX) and Dave Sternlicht. In 1993, as the MIT X Consortium prepared to depart from MIT, the staff were joined by R. Gary Cutbill, Kaleb Keithley, and David Wiggins.^[3]

In 1993, the X Consortium, Inc. (a non-profit corporation) formed as the successor to the MIT X Consortium. It released X11R6 on 16 May 1994. In 1995 it took on the development of the Motif toolkit and of the Common Desktop Environment for Unix systems. The X Consortium dissolved at the end of 1996, producing a final revision, X11R6.3, and a legacy of increasing commercial influence in the development.^[21][22]

The Open Group[edit]

In January 1997, the X Consortium passed stewardship of X to The Open Group, a vendor group formed in early 1996 by the merger of the Open Software Foundation and X/Open.

The Open Group released X11R6.4 in early 1998. Controversially, X11R6.4 departed from the traditional liberal licensing terms, as the Open Group sought to assure funding for the development of X, and specifically cited XFree86 as not significantly contributing to X.^[23] The new terms would have made X no longer free software: zero-cost for noncommercial use, but a fee otherwise. After XFree86 seemed poised to fork,^[24] the Open Group relicensed X11R6.4 under the traditional license in September 1998.^[25] The Open Group's last release came as X11R6.4 patch 3.

X.Org and XFree86[edit]

XFree86 originated in 1992 from the X386 server for IBM PC compatibles included with X11R5 in 1991, written by Thomas Roell and Mark W. Snitily and donated to the MIT X Consortium by Snitily Graphics Consulting Services (SGCS). XFree86 evolved over time from just one port of X to the leading and most popular implementation and the de facto standard of X's development.^[4]

In May 1999, The Open Group formed X.Org. X.Org supervised the release of versions X11R6.5.1 onward. X development at this time had become moribund;^[26] most technical innovation since the X Consortium had dissolved had taken place in the XFree86 project.^[27] In 1999, the XFree86 team joined X.Org as an honorary (non-paying) member,^[28] encouraged by various hardware companies^[29] interested in using XFree86 with Linux and in its status as the most popular version of X.

By 2003, while the popularity of Linux (and hence the installed base of X) surged, X.Org remained inactive,^[30] and active development took place largely within XFree86. However, considerable dissent developed within XFree86. The XFree86 project suffered from a perception of a far too cathedral-like development model; developers could not get CVS commit access^[31][32] and vendors had to maintain extensive patch sets.^[33] In March 2003, the XFree86 organization expelled Keith Packard, who had joined XFree86 after the end of the original MIT X Consortium, with considerable ill feeling.^[34][35][36]

X.Org and XFree86 began discussing a reorganisation suited to properly nurturing the development of X.^[37][38][39] Jim Gettys had been pushing strongly for an open development model since at least 2000.^[40] Gettys, Packard and several others began discussing in detail the requirements for the effective governance of X with open development.

Finally, in an echo of the X11R6.4 licensing dispute, XFree86 released version 4.4 in February 2004 under a more restrictive license which many projects relying on X found unacceptable.^[41] The added clause to the license was based on the original BSD license's advertising clause, which was viewed by the Free Software Foundation and Debian as incompatible with the GNU General Public License.^[42] Other groups saw it as against the spirit of the original X. Theo de Raadt of OpenBSD, for instance, threatened to fork XFree86 citing license concerns.^[43] The license issue, combined with the difficulties in getting changes in, left many feeling the time was ripe for a fork.^[44]

The X.Org Foundation[edit]

In early 2004, various people from X.Org and freedesktop.org formed the X.Org Foundation, and the Open Group gave it control of the x.orgdomain name. This marked a radical change in the governance of X. Whereas the stewards of X since 1988 (including the prior X.Org) had been vendor organizations, the Foundation was led by software developers and used community development based on the bazaar model,^{[citation needed]} which relies on outside involvement. Membership was opened to individuals, with corporate membership being in the form of sponsorship. Several major corporations such as Hewlett-Packard currently support the X.Org Foundation.

The Foundation takes an oversight role over X development: technical decisions are made on their merits by achieving rough consensus among community members. Technical decisions are not made by the board of directors; in this sense, it is strongly modelled on the technically non-interventionist GNOME Foundation. The Foundation employs no developers.The Foundation released X11R6.7, the X.Org Server, in April 2004, based on XFree86 4.4RC2 with X11R6.6 changes merged. Gettys and Packard had taken the last version of XFree86 under the old license and, by making a point of an open development model and retaining GPL compatibility, brought many of the old XFree86 developers on board.^[42]

While X11 had received extensions such as OpenGL support during the 1990s, its architecture had remained fundamentally unchanged during the decade. In the early part of the 2000s, however, it was overhauled to resolve a number of problems that had surfaced over the years, including a 'flawed' font architecture, a 2-d graphics system 'which had always been intended to be augmented and/or replaced', and latency issues.^[45]X11R6.8 came out in September 2004. It added significant new features, including preliminary support for translucent windows and other sophisticated visual effects, screen magnifiers and thumbnailers, and facilities to integrate with 3D immersive display systems such as Sun's Project Looking Glass and the Croquet project. External applications called compositing window managers provide policy for the visual appearance.

On 21 December 2005,^[46] X.Org released X11R6.9, the monolithic source tree for legacy users, and X11R7.0, the same source code separated into independent modules, each maintainable in separate projects.^[47] The Foundation released X11R7.1 on 22 May 2006, about four months after 7.0, with considerable feature improvements.^[48]

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XFree86 development continued for a few more years, 4.8.0 being released on 15 December 2008.^[49]

Nomenclature[edit]

The proper names for the system are listed in the manual page as X; X Window System; X Version 11; X Window System, Version 11; or X11.^[50]

The term 'X-Windows' (in the manner of the subsequently released 'Microsoft Windows') is not officially endorsed – with X Consortium release manager Matt Landau stating in 1993, 'There is no such thing as 'X Windows' or 'X Window', despite the repeated misuse of the forms by the trade rags'^[51] – though it has been in common informal use since early in the history of X^[52] and has been used deliberately for provocative effect, for example in the Unix-Haters Handbook.^[5]

Key terms[edit]

The X Window System has nuanced usage of a number of terms when compared to common usage, particularly 'display' and 'screen', a subset of which is given here for convenience:

device

A graphics device such as a computer graphics card or a computer motherboard's integrated graphics chipset.

monitor

A physical device such as a CRT or a flat screen computer display.

screen

An area into which graphics may be rendered, either through software alone into system memory as with VNC, or within a graphics device, some of which can render into more than one screen simultaneously, either viewable simultaneously or interchangeably. Interchangeable screens are often set up to be notionally left and right from one another, flipping from one to the next as the mouse pointer reaches the edge of the monitor.

virtual screen

Two different meanings are associated with this term:

• A technique allowing panning a monitor around a screen running at a larger resolution than the monitor is currently displaying.
• An effect simulated by a window manager by maintaining window position information in a larger coordinate system than the screen and allowing panning by simply moving the windows in response to the user.

display

A collection of screens, often involving multiple monitors, generally configured to allow the mouse to move the pointer to any position within them. Linux-based workstations are usually capable of having multiple displays, among which the user can switch with a special keyboard combination such as control-alt-function-key, simultaneously flipping all the monitors from showing the screens of one display to the screens in another.

The term 'display' should not be confused with the more specialized jargon 'Zaphod display'. The latter is a rare configuration allowing multiple users of a single computer to each have an independent set of display, mouse, and keyboard, as though they were using separate computers, but at a lower per-seat cost.

Release history[edit]

On the prospect of future versions, the X.org website states:^[69]

X.Org continues to develop and release the X Window System software components.

These are released individually as each component is ready, without waiting for a overall X Window System “katamari” release schedule - see the individual X.Org releases directory for downloads, and the xorg-announce archives or git repositories for details on included changes.

No release plan for a X11R7.8 rollup katamari release has been proposed.

See also[edit]

• rio – the windowing system for Plan 9

Notes[edit]

1. ^Jennifer G. Steiner; Daniel E. Geer, Jr. (21 July 1988). 'Network Services in the Athena Environment'. Proceedings of the Winter 1988 Usenix Conference.
2. ^'Licenses'. X11 documentation. X.org. 19 December 2005. Retrieved 23 October 2007.
3. ^ ^abcRobert W. Scheifler and James Gettys: X Window System: Core and extension protocols: X version 11, releases 6 and 6.1, Digital Press 1996, ISBN1-55558-148-X
4. ^ ^abAnnouncement: Modification to the base XFree86(TM) license.Archived 7 September 2005 at the Wayback Machine 2 February 2004
5. ^ ^ab'The X-Windows Disaster'. Art.Net. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
6. ^Re: X is painful 15 November 1996
7. ^'Orca'. wiki.gnome.org. 24 November 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
8. ^'ATK - Accessibility Toolkit'. developer.gnome.org. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
9. ^'KDE Accessibility'. KDE e.V. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
10. ^SNAP Computing and the X Window SystemArchived 26 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine 2005 (section 4.6, the xmove program)
11. ^An LBX Postmortem 24 January 2001
12. ^The XFree86 documentation of the MIT-SHM extension 14 May 2009
13. ^Why Apple didn't use X for the window system 19 August 2007
14. ^Darxus (27 November 2010). ''hosted' patch for nouveau – X under wayland'. It's possible to run X.org as a client of wayland, rootless or not, if you have an Intel video card
15. ^Diavatis, Alex (11 June 2013). 'Wayland in Raspberry ¦ Wayland in GNOME'. World Of Gnome.
16. ^'MirSpec – Ubuntu Wiki'. Wiki.ubuntu.com. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
17. ^DRI for framebuffer consoles 15 December 2009
18. ^'Debut of X'. Talisman. 19 June 1984. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
19. ^Garfinkel, Simson L. (November–December 1988). 'A Second Wind for Athena'(PDF). Technology Review. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
20. ^Garfinkel, Simson L. (May–June 1989). 'Ripples Across the Academic Market'(PDF). Technology Review. pp. 9–13. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
21. ^Financing Volunteer Free Software Projects 10 June 2005
22. ^Lessons Learned about Open Source 2000
23. ^X statement 2 April 1998
24. ^'XFree86(TM): Press Release'. 6 December 1998. Archived from the original on 6 December 1998. Retrieved 7 February 2017.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
25. ^Browne, Christopher. 'X11R6.4 Sample Implementation Changes and Concerns'. Christopher Browne's Web Pages. Archived from the original on 1 June 2008.
26. ^Q&A: The X FactorArchived 14 January 2005 at the Wayback Machine 4 February 2002
27. ^The Evolution of the X Server Architecture 1999
28. ^A Call For Open Governance Of X DevelopmentArchived 12 February 2005 at the Wayback Machine 23 March 2003
29. ^XFree86 joins X.Org as Honorary Member 1 December 1999
30. ^Another teleconference partial edited transcriptArchived 12 February 2005 at the Wayback Machine 13 April 2003
31. ^Keith Packard issueArchived 12 February 2005 at the Wayback Machine 20 March 2003
32. ^Cygwin/XFree86 – No longer associated with XFree86.org 27 October 2003
33. ^On XFree86 development 9 January 2003
34. ^Invitation for public discussion about the future of XArchived 12 February 2005 at the Wayback Machine 20 March 2003
35. ^A Call For Open Governance Of X DevelopmentArchived 12 February 2005 at the Wayback Machine 21 March 2003
36. ^Notes from a teleconference held 2003-3-27Archived 12 February 2005 at the Wayback Machine 3 April 2003
37. ^A Call For Open Governance Of X DevelopmentArchived 22 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine 24 March 2003
38. ^A Call For Open Governance Of X DevelopmentArchived 6 January 2005 at the Wayback Machine 23 March 2003
39. ^Discussing issuesArchived 27 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine 14 April 2003
40. ^Lessons Learned about Open Source 2000
41. ^XFree86 4.4: List of Rejecting Distributors Grows 18 February 2004
42. ^ ^abAppendix A: The Cautionary Tale of XFree86 5 June 2002
43. ^Theo de Raadt (16 February 2004). 'openbsd-misc Mailing List: XFree86 license'. MARC. Archived from the original on 18 January 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
44. ^X Marks the Spot: Looking back at X11 Developments of Past Year 25 February 2004
45. ^Gettys, James; Packard, Keith (2004). The (Re) Architecture of the X Window System(PDF). Proc. Linux Symposium. 1.
46. ^X11R6.9 and X11R7.0 Officially Released 21 December 2005
47. ^Modularization Proposal 31 March 2005
48. ^Proposed Changes for X11R7.1 21 April 2006
49. ^'The Current XFree86® Release: 4.8.0'. xfree86.org.
50. ^X – a portable, network-transparent window system February 2005
51. ^Landau, Matt (23 April 1993). 'Re: Asynchronous X Windows?'. Newsgroup: comp.windows.x. Usenet:1rccdq$s6s@armory.centerline.com. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
52. ^e.g.'X Windows FAQ', the FAQ for Usenet newsgroup comp.windows.x.
53. ^The X Window System: History and Architecture 1 September 1999
54. ^XFree86 and X11R6.3 December 1999
55. ^The Open Group Announces Internet-Ready X Window System X11R6.4 31 March 1998
56. ^X.Org Foundation releases X Window System X11R6.7 7 April 2004
57. ^Changes Since R6.8 21 October 2005
58. ^Release Notes for X11R7.1 22 May 2006
59. ^The X.Org Foundation released 7.2.0 (aka X11R7.2) 15 February 2007
60. ^X server version 1.4 release plans. Retrieved 25 August 2007.
61. ^'Foundation Releases X7.4'. X.org. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
62. ^'7.5 release announcement'. X.org. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
63. ^'Wiki – 7.5 release plans'. X.org. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
64. ^'7.6 release announcement'. X.org. 20 December 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
65. ^'Thinking towards 7.6 katamari, including xcb'. Lists.x.org. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
66. ^'Wiki – 7.6 release plans'. X.org. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
67. ^'[ANNOUNCE] X11R7.7'. Lists.x.org. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
68. ^'Releases/7.7'. X.org. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
69. ^'Releases/7.8'. X.org. Retrieved 6 May 2014.

References[edit]

• Hania Gajewska, Mark S. Manasse and Joel McCormack, Why X Is Not Our Ideal Window System (PDF), Software – Practice & Experience vol 20, issue S2 (October 1990)
• Linda Mui and Eric Pearce, X Window System Volume 8: X Window System Administrator's Guide for X11 Release 4 and Release 5, 3rd edition (O'Reilly and Associates, July 1993; softcover ISBN0-937175-83-8)
• The X-Windows Disaster (UNIX-HATERS Handbook)
• Robert W. Scheifler and James Gettys: X Window System: Core and extension protocols: X version 11, releases 6 and 6.1, Digital Press 1996, ISBN1-55558-148-X
• The Evolution of the X Server Architecture (Keith Packard, 1999)
• The means to an X for Linux: an interview with David Dawes from XFree86.org (Matthew Arnison, CAT TV, June 1999)
• Lessons Learned about Open Source (Jim Gettys, USENIX 2000 talk on the history of X)
• On the Thesis that X is Big/Bloated/Obsolete and Should Be Replaced (Christopher B. Browne)
• Open Source Desktop Technology Road Map (Jim Gettys, 9 December 2003)
• X Marks the Spot: Looking back at X11 Developments of Past Year (Oscar Boykin, OSNews, 25 February 2004)
• Getting X Off The Hardware (Keith Packard, July 2004 Ottawa Linux Symposium talk)
• Why Apple didn't use X for the window system (Mike Paquette, Apple Computer)
• X Man Page (Retrieved on 2 February 2007)
• Gettys, Jim (2005). 'SNAP Computing and the X Window System'. CiteSeerX10.1.1.109.3314.Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

External links[edit]

• Official website

I've been using Linux since the late 90s. To me, it's second nature. Although in the early years, hardware support was a serious issue and the command line was a requirement, the last five years have seen very rare occasions that I've come into a problem that couldn't be overcome.

I cannot say the same thing about Windows. No matter the iteration, I've always managed to find troubling issues with the Microsoft platform. Generally speaking, those issues can be managed (sometimes with little to no effort). The latest iteration of Windows is no exception. Coming from Windows 7 (a platform that was, in my opinion, Microsoft's best), I skipped 8 and headed directly to 10. I've found going from Windows 7 to 10 akin to making the leap from GNOME 2.x to 3.x. The metaphor was quite different and took a bit of acclimation. Even though they go about it very differently, in the end, both platforms have the same goal--helping users get their work done.

Let's take a look at some of the fundamental differences between Windows 10 and Linux.

SEE: Securing Linux policy (Tech Pro Research)

1. Open vs. closed sources

I will preface this by saying, considering from whence they came, Microsoft is doing an outstanding job of supporting open source. Just take a look at Azure and you'll find an overwhelming number of deployments are of Linux. Microsoft even runs their own Open Source site that promotes OpenDev for Azure. Thing is, however, Windows 10 does not benefit from that embracing of open source. The Microsoft operating system is still very much proprietary. The source for the Windows platform is simply not available for viewing. On the contrary, the source for Linux is widely available. In fact, if you want to view the Linus Torvalds source tree for the kernel, here it is.

2. Privacy

First off, I want it to be clear, I'm not talking about security here. This is about privacy. It has been well documented that Windows 10 is a privacy advocate's worst enemy.

SEE: Windows 10 violates your privacy by default, here's how you can protect yourself

Windows includes some pretty serious invasions of your privacy. In fact, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) has said Windows 10 blatantly disregards user choice and privacy and that

Microsoft makes users 'choose between having privacy and security' in how the OS handles data collection. Microsoft even went so far as to say they knew there was a problem with data collection and launched a web-based privacy dashboard, to help users reign in control of data collection.

Linux, on the other hand, takes user privacy very seriously. One only need look back to how Canonical handled user complaints about Ubuntu Unity and online privacy. After widespread complaints, Canonical switched the default behavior of Unity's online search feature from enabled to disabled. The Linux platform does not collect user data. Period.

3. Security

I'm going to preface this by saying no operating system is 100% secure. If your computer is attached to a network, it's vulnerable. That being said, Windows' Achilles has been, for a very long time, security. With every iteration, the spectre of security looms large over the operating system. Windows 10 is no different. Microsoft has made a few advances with Windows 10, but not enough. Even with Windows 10, users still must take advantage of anti-virus, anti-malware--and even then they cannot be certain. Consider how recently CCleaner was found to contain malicious code, and it's pretty easy to draw the conclusion that the software meant to protect Windows cannot be trusted.

Linux, on the other hand, doesn't suffer from those same rampant insecurities. Is it perfect? By no means. Although many would argue that market share is the reason Linux doesn't suffer from the same deluge of malicious code that cripples Windows 10, I would point to the very design of Linux security making it harder for hackers to write the actual code to inject into Linux machines. It can still be done, it just takes a bit more effort than it does on Windows.

4. Updates

Mention updates to any Window 10 user and they'll cringe. I remember the first time I rebooted a Windows 10 machine, the update took two hours. That's no exaggeration. I can install 12 LAMP servers on bare metal in that time. I've heard horror stories of Windows 10 users losing precious work because the operating system automatically shuts down to run updates. From my experiences, it isn't always a given that the Windows 10 updates will be successful. In fact, every time I get that 'Do not shut down your machine..' screen, I hold my breath, wondering if this will be the update to take down the machine.

Updating Linux rarely has any issue. Not only is updating with the various Linux package managers reliable, it's fast. You can do a full apt-get dist-upgrade in the same time it takes a Windows machine to reboot (give or take a minute or so). On top of which, users are in total control of when updates happen. The operating system will not insist an update on a user. When the update message appears, users can either run the update or be reminded about it later. After an update runs, users only have to reboot if the kernel is updated (even then, they can keep working with the current running kernel and reboot at a later time).

SEE: 20 quick tips to make Linux networking easier (free PDF) (TechRepublic)

5. Older or lesser-powered hardware

You want to see a massive difference between Windows 10 and Linux, load both up on older hardware and see how they perform. This can be made especially so by using a distribution like Peppermint OS or Lubuntu.

According to Microsoft, the minimum system requirements for Windows 10 are:

• Processor: 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster processor
• RAM: 1 GB for 32-bit or 2 GB for 64-bit
• Hard disk space: 16 GB for 32-bit OS 20 GB for 64-bit OS
• Graphics card: DirectX 9 or later with WDDM 1.0 driver

Any IT pro will look at that list and laugh. 1 or 2 GB of RAM will give you a Windows 10 system so slow, you'll find yourself pulling out your hair in frustration. An average user (one who does word processing, checks email, and browses the internet) should have at least 4 GB of RAM on a Windows 10 machine. If you play games, 8 GB will barely get you by.

Ubuntu, on the other hand, requires the following minimums:

• 700 MHz processor
• 512 MB RAM
• 5 GB of hard-drive space
• VGA capable of 1024x768 screen resolution

The above requirements will have the same effect as running the minimum requirements for Windows 10. However, running Ubuntu on a machine that meets the minimum requirements for Windows 10, will give a user a solid experience.

In other words, there is no comparison to how these two handle slower/older hardware.

You decide

This comparison really only scratches the surface. And don't get me wrong, there are areas where Windows 10 bests Linux (few, but they do exist). In the end, however, the choice is yours. Chances are you'll be making the choice based on which platform will allow you get more work done and do so with a certain level of efficiency and reliability. I would highly recommend, to anyone, if Linux can enable you to get your work done..give it a go and see if you don't find it more dependable and predictable.

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How To Install Linux On Windows 10

Also see

• Will Microsoft love Linux to death? Shuttleworth and Stallman on whether Windows 10 is free software's friend (TechRepublic)
• The latest Windows Server beta has a surprising feature: Support for Linux containers (TechRepublic)
• Linux desktop operating system: A beginner's guide (TechRepublic)
• The Linux desktop battle (and why it matters) (TechRepublic)
• 2017: The year Linux will reach 5% market share (TechRepublic)
• How to find the right Linux distribution for you (TechRepublic Video)
• Hands On: Keeping a very old laptop useful with Linux (ZDNet)